Greece+and+Rome


 * 1. APPARTS on [|Thucydides on Athens]**
 * Author || Pericles was the Athenian leade r and a general during the Peloponnesian War. He was a noble who ruled during the 460s-420s B.C.E., a.k.a. the Golden Age of Athens/the **Age of Pericles**. Considering this document commemorates the Athenian soldiers who had offered their lives against the Spartans and //praises// the city, the speech is highly bias. ||
 * Place || This was created during the early years of the Polynesian War, during the winter of 431-430 B.C.E. It most likely has origins in Athens. ||
 * Prior Knowledge || Athens during its Golden Age was at the pinnacle of power, a democracy envied and hated by other Greek city states. After the Persian War, Athens had extorted money from the other Greek city states for protection money. Instead of spending their money on military maintenance, Athens propelled themselves into the Golden Age, with creations such as the Pantheon. Enraged, the city states looked towards Sparta, the only power in Greece that could rival Sparta. This is the Peloponnesian War in which the speech is dedicated, and I know that in the end, Athens loses because its military (which was its naval force) had been crippled by a Spartan blitz and Greek fire, a plague kills 3/4 of the population AND Pericles had died, the city was blockaded until Athens surrendered. ||
 * Audience || Athenians who have demoralized by the war. The speech praises the supremacy of Athenians.

"In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas; while I doubt if the world can produce a man who is equal to so many emergencies where he has only himself to depend upon, and who is graced by so happy a versatility as the Athenian."

"For Athens alone of her contemporaries is found when tested to be greater than her reputation, and alone gives no occasion to her assailants to blush at the antagonist by whom they have been worsted, or to her subjects to question her title by merit to rule."

"Rather, the admiration of the present and succeeding ages will be ours, since we have not left our power without witness, ... we have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us." ||
 * Reason for Creation || To rally support.

"So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome."

"...Take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of war." ||
 * The Main Idea || Athens is the greatest civilization of the world; people envy the culture which is the "school of Hellas," the democracy which is the "model" of other governments, the means to alleviate the mind, the "elegance of [their] private establishments," and the "magnitude of ... the products of other countries" that regularly flow into Athenian port. Therefore, in the war, Athens has a higher "stake in the struggle." Not only to prove their mettle, but to give merit to the dead, so that they may be "confirmed by definite proof." Athens is the product of the "heroism of these [soldiers] and other men like them" and therefore, the survivors, their legacy, must assume their model and fight against the Spartans. The soldiers had chose "to die resisting, rather than to live submitting" <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">and therefore the survivors must inherit the mantle; they must be <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">"determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field" <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">with a realization in the <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">"power of Athens" <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">and the sense of <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">"courage, sense of duty, and a keen feeling of honor in action" <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">that will enable Athens to prevail. ||
 * Significance || Athenians saw themselves as the pinnacle of society. Hubris ultimately led to their downfall like arrogance led to the destruction of the Chinese civilization much later in history.

On the other hand, if Pericles needed to give a speech to bolster faith, an event that can be compared to the Gettysburg Address done by Abraham Lincoln, which does share similarities, the document can show the war is going against Athens' favor. ||
 * Questions?**
 * Why is the title Thucydides on Athens if the speaker is Pericles and Thucydides has no reference what so ever?**

Sparta was the rival of Athens following the Persian War, the city state that other city states had looked to after Athens ran amok with spending the protection money on cultural instead of military expansion. ||
 * 2. APPARTS on [|Plutarch on Life in Sparta]**
 * Author || Plutarch was a Greek historian who hailed from Corinth c.45 C.E. He was an optimistic and wrote many uplifting and philosophical texts, including biographical sketches on Macedonian King **Alexander the Great**, Roman Emperor **Julius Caesar**, Roman Senator **Cicero**, and **Lycurgus**, the Spartan lawgiver who reformed Spartan policies and the topic of the document. ||
 * Place || It was created in the 1st century C.E., which is about 7 centuries after Lycurgus's lifetime. Lycurgus lived c.800 - 600 B.C.E. Therefore, the information Plutarch has written is derived from prior texts or oral tradition. ||
 * Prior Knowledge || Sparta was a war culture. Kids were trained from the age of 7 to fight and endure hardships. The strongest men mated with the strongest women to produce the strongest offspring.
 * Audience || The audience are historians looking at the history of Sparta and the reforms of Lycurgus. Since Plutarch is a recognized Greek historian, the audience will consider his biographical sketch of Lycurgus with regards. //__**Refer to significance in this chart to see quotes**__// ||
 * Reason for Creation || To analyze the impact of Lycurgus on Sparta and provide a contrast to the texts of Thucydides and Pericles so that historians may contrast both societies.

. . . he did not permit them to live abroad at their pleasure and wander in strange lands, assuming foreign habits and imitating the lives of peoples who were without training and lived under different forms of government. Nay more, he actually drove away from the city the multitudes which streamed in there for no useful purpose, not because he feared they might become imitators of his form of government and learn useful lessons in virtue, as Thucydides says, but rather that they might not become in any wise teachers of evil. For along with strange people, strange doctrines must come in; and novel doctrines bring novel decisions, from which there must arise many feelings and resolutions which destroy the harmony of the existing political order. Therefore he thought it more necessary to keep bad manners and customs from invading and filling the city than it was to keep out infectious diseases. ||
 * The Main Idea || Lycurgus' reforms of Spartan politics define what most people consider Sparta in modern times. //__**Refer to Reasons for Creation and Significance and Prior Knowledge for quotes and coherence**__// ||
 * Significance || Lycurgus greatly reformed Spartan society:
 * Economics
 * Redistributed land and wealth and redefined social status and social mobility
 * he persuaded his fellow-citizens to make one parcel of all their territory and divide it up anew, and to live with one another on a basis of entire uniformity and equality in the means of subsistence, seeking preeminence through virtue alone, assured that there was no other difference or inequality between man and man than that which was established by blame for base actions and praise for good ones.
 * Removed gold and silver specie with iron specie
 * Social
 * Common meses to remove luxury and desire for wealth -- equality
 * that they might eat with one another in companies, of common and specified foods
 * Required that the women be fit and strong
 * He made the maidens exercise their bodies in running, wrestling, casting the discus, and hurling the javelin, in order that the fruit of their wombs might have vigorous root in vigorous bodies and come to better maturity, and that they themselves might come with vigour to the fulness of their times, and struggle successfully and easily with the pangs of child-birth...
 * Mandated the training of boys to begin at 7
 * . . . as soon as [the boys] were seven years old, Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies.
 * Established a military drone state
 * ...The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves
 * Political
 * The **Council of Elders,** a king and 28 senators to ward tyranny and democracy
 * the twenty-eight senators always took the side of the kings when it was a question of curbing democracy, and, on the other hand, always strengthened the people to withstand the encroachments of tyranny.
 * referendum-like ideal with autocratic supremacy
 * When the multitude was thus assembled, no one of them was permitted to make a motion, but the motion laid before them by the senators and kings could be accepted or rejected by the people.
 * But if the people should adopt a distorted motion, the senators and kings shall have power of adjournment"; that is, should not ratify the vote, but dismiss outright and dissolve the session, on the ground that it was perverting and changing the motion contrary to the best interests of the state.
 * Meetings in unsecnic locations to avoid distractions
 * Intellectual
 * Removed most forms of art from the area
 * It was not possible, therefore, to buy any foreign wares or bric-à-brac; no merchant-seamen brought freight into their harbours; no rhetoric teacher set foot on Laconian soil, no vagabond soothsayer, no keeper of harlots, no gold- or silver-smith, since there was no money there. But luxury, thus gradually deprived of that which stimulated and supported it, died away of itself. ||

None.
 * Questions?**


 * 3.Comparisons of the Two City States**
 * Sources: [|PBS]**
 * [|Really nice website to consider]**
 * **Sparta** || **Athens** || **Similarities** ||
 * * Democratic and aristocratic oligarchy/monarchy
 * Warrior culture
 * Localized economy
 * Army
 * Peloponnesian League
 * More eqaulity for women || * Direct Democracy
 * Scholar culture
 * Trade based economy
 * Navy
 * Delian League
 * Subordination of women || * Agricultural based economy
 * Greek polytheism ||

Summary: Sparta and Athens were polar opposites of one another.


 * 4. Empires Documentary --** **Greeks: Crucible of Civilization, Ep. 1 - The Revolution**
 * 508 B.C.E. - Athenian peasantry revolt against tyranny and aristocracy. Cleisthenes, an aristocrat, seized power in the akropolis.
 * peasantry subordination (serfdom) in incredibly rough life
 * Greece lacks ideal imperial geography (too many mountains and islands, therefore natural boundaries)
 * constant competition to maintain individualism of city states -- Corinthian traders, Argrosian history, Spartan war culture, etc.
 * Spartans were relentless expansionists, enslaved the helots
 * bards passed on oral tradition
 * people strived to be heroes like those in the epics
 * a fraud to put a monarch in power, Pisistratus
 * undermined the social norm, provided prosperity, stimulated the success of agrarianism
 * porsperous olive economy,
 * 514 B.C.E. Hippias' brother was murdered
 * Caused him to revoked his father's policies and stray towards insanity

Aristocracy --> Limited Democracy --> Tyranny Serfdom with little rights --> Serfdom with many priveleges --> Tyranny with no rights Agrarian Economy and trade -- Olives Travelling Bards and enlightening epics
 * Explain or account for the key factors in the development of Athens:**
 * Acropolis - A city state perched a top of a outcrop of rocks making it inapproachable from one point; it made Athens are perfect fortress with only one weakness, a port that was guarded by its ultimate navy**

The bestowal of rights to the Athenian peasantry was the ultimate impetus for its development into its historical stature. Once the serfs received a taste of democracy, they vied to keep it and therefore the aristocracy and tyranny before the democracy were overthrown.


 * 5. Rome / Greece ESPIRIT Chart**
 * E || * Regulated by imperial laws
 * Branches of commerce, primarily supplies of grain, were headed by government
 * Vast public works
 * Roads and harbors
 * Storage facilities for grains
 * Having a viticulture based economy required constant export of goods and import of grains
 * The artistry of Mediterranean items paled in comparison to Asian goods
 * Slavery was justified and commonplace
 * Athenian house slaves and silver miners
 * Spartan **helots** (slaves that were captured during Spartan expansion) that worked in the fields ||
 * S || * To discuss state affairs and politics was held with esteem in both Rome and Greece
 * Most Greeks and Romans were farmers
 * Large landlords had a tendency to create serfdoms, tenant farming, or indebted laborers
 * Grain growing was inhospitable due to climate and soil conditions, but olive and viticulture were ideal
 * Farmers could not afford a profitable viticulture or olive business therefore fell into debt
 * Secured the supremacy of landlords for their ease of creating a profitable economy and economically subjugating the commoners
 * Merchants in social importance (in regards to the known world)
 * India > Rome > China
 * Merchants were recognized in Greece and the second social class in Rome
 * Tight family patriarchy

Rome
 * "Bread and circuses"
 * Social events with cheap food and public entertainment to prevent public disorder

Greece
 * Half of the male population were slaves or foreigners ||
 * P || The basis of Roman government was derived from Greek government. The purpose of the government and related establishments was to insure peace and stablity throughout their immense empire.
 * Organization
 * Public Assembly
 * Met periodically
 * Elected aristocrats into power as magistrates to represent them
 * Senate
 * Aristocratic
 * Controlled most of the executive offices
 * Most important legislative body
 * Consuls
 * The executives
 * Only one during time of crisis
 * Chose by Senate
 * Local autonomy and identity -- **Localism**
 * In the army, officials held more reputation than the emperor
 * Complete autonomy was limited by emperor and officials
 * Citizens felt that they had several irrevocable rights
 * **The Twelve Tables** (c. 450 B.C.E) -- first law code
 * Governed social relationships
 * Subjected everyone to common legal principle
 * Religiously tolerant
 * Except to parties that can supersede their powers
 * Christians - Increible amounts of torture and harassment; used as government scapegoats -- Nero blamed the Great Fire on Christians
 * Jews -- **Marcus Aurelius** attacked the Jerusalem and destroyed their city except for the **Weeping Wall** in 63 B.C.E.

Greek government was organized into local city states unable to be unified because of geography. Instead of a unified national government, they had Hellenism, a national identity, and fragmented city-states that cooperated from time to time. Romans preserved, not necessarily advanced, Greek thought. They were not intellectuals, but instead, master engineers. ||
 * Organized into city states with fierce localism
 * Unable to be unified due to physical barriers
 * Tyrannical or autocratic
 * Athens was the only democracy
 * ** Direct Democracy -- People directly participated in state affairs; they did not choose representatives to voice them **
 * Met every 10 days
 * Temporary executive officers were chosen to monitor peace
 * They were subjected to assembly review if necessary
 * Chosen by the lot, not elected
 * Supported clear legal codes to protect the ordinary people during the 8th century B.C.E.
 * Sparta was an militaristic, autocratic oligarchy with elements of tyranny and democracy ||
 * I || * Influenced modern Western politics by providing the framework
 * **Punic Wars (246 to 146 B.C.E.)**
 * Conquered Carthage
 * Seized all of the Western Mediterranean (Greece and Egypt)
 * After Marcus Aurelius, the empire spanned from current day Portugal to Babylon
 * Roman conquests of north African areas and abuse of the land as its granaries contributes to soil depletion and lack of fertility in later centuries ||
 * R || Rome
 * Emperor = god
 * Refusing to see that placed parties on grounds of religious dissent -- e.g. Christianity
 * Adaptations of Greek mythology (Zeus = Jupiter, Aphrodite = Venus, Artemis = Diana, etc.)
 * Used to explain worldly events, not enlighten the soul
 * **__//CHRISTIANITY WAS NOT AN OFFICIAL RELIGION. IT WAS AN ACCEPTED RELIGION THAT GAINED PROMINENCE AT THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DUE TO CIVIL UNREST AND THE PUBLIC'S DESIRE FOR AN OUTLET OF THEIR DESPAIR.//__**
 * The afterlife appeal carries over from the Greek polytheistic beliefs of the Field of Elysium. ||
 * I || ﻿Greek thought was not an elevated way of thinking and therefore they did not make incredible strides intellectually. What they did produce are the most recognizable vestiges of Mediterranean culture.
 * Philosophies
 * **Aristotle and Cicero**
 * Moderation and balance of human behavior
 * **Stoic** belief
 * Moral independence, strict physical discipline, and personal bravery
 * **Socratic and Platonic**
 * Question the world, strive to enlighten oneself
 * the absolute True, Good, and Beautiful
 * Rationality and inquiry
 * **Ptolemy's** Heliocentric Theory
 * Galenite medical treatises
 * __Refer to //The History of the World Through Six Glasses// under the spirits unit to understand the impact of Galenite medical documents__
 * Pythagorean Theory
 * Euclidean Geometry
 * Greek drama -- Tragedy, Comedy, and Epics
 * Homer's //Iliad// and //Odyssey//
 * **Sophocles**
 * Greek ceramic and sculpting
 * T || * Roman Aqueducts
 * Types of Architecture
 * **Doric**
 * **Ionic**
 * **Corinthian**
 * Innovations in ship building and navigation ||
 * Reasons for the decline of Rome
 * Invading barbarians sacked Rome several times and eventually overturned the government
 * Economic deterioration -- Too many farmers became dependent on local landlords for protection
 * Birth rate decrease
 * Mercenary army
 * Reasons for the decline of Greece
 * Peloponnesian War that laid way for Macedonian conquest


 * 6. Key Terms - Spread throughout the page**
 * 1) **Acropolis**
 * 2) **Helots**
 * 3) **Localism**
 * 4) **The Twelve Tables**
 * 5) **The Council of Elders**
 * Peloponnesian War || The war between the **Delian League** led by **Athens** and the **Peloponnesian League** led by **Sparta**.From 431-404 B.C.E., Sparta and Athens exhausted one another allowing Macedonian forces under **Philip II** to conquer them. **__//Refer to the Thucydides on Athens assignment: Prior Knowledge.//__** ||
 * Pericles || **__//Refer to the Thucydides on Athens assignment//__** ||
 * Hellenistic period || Succeeding Philip II was his son, the famous conqueror **Alexander the Great**. Under the Macedonian kings (300 - 100 B.C.E.), Greek art flourished and merged with Middle Eastern cultures (Hellenistic ventures expanded from Greece to Egypt [**Alexandria, an Greco-Egyptian center of learning**] to Bactria in India [//__**refer to Bactria in the India chapter**__//].) ||
 * Punic Wars || A series of three wars from 264 - 146 B.C.E. that expands Roman influence throughout the Mediterranean. One of the greatest victories and vicious attacks of the Punic Wars was the Roman victory over **Hannibal** at **Carthage** and the destruction of Carthage's fields with salt and destroying their agricultural capabilities. This encompasses the idea of "total warfare" as practiced by Sherman's march to the sea. ||
 * Roman Republic || The Roman state's origin was a local monarchy that established itself c. 800 B.C.E. and was overthrown c. 509 B.C.E. The ensuing government was a democracy in which Romans established **public assemblies, a Senate, and two executives**. However, civil wars plagued the empire after its expansion and civil wars placed **Julius Caesar** as the dictator in 45 B.C.E. By 27 B.C.E., **Augustus Caesar** had succeeded power and established the basic emperor monarchy for the rest of Roman government until the end (476 C.E.). Later on in history, the Roman state prospered under the **Five Good Emperors**, ending with **Marcus Aurelius** in 180 C.E. Succeeding the Five Good Emperors were five consecutive emperors that brought the empire to ruins. These **Five Bad Emperors** set the motion for collapse that **Diocletian** and **Constantine** were unable to deter. Diocletian was able to hold the empire together by centralizing power into the government and passing many reforms. Constantine, who succeeded by prevailing in the civil wars ensuing Diocletian, attempted to bring the nation together by accepting **Christianity**, a growing religious force at the time. ||
 * Direct Democracy || Athenian government in which people participated directly in decision making instead of electing officials to lobby their interests. ||


 * 7. Comparative of Greece and Rome**

Greece and Rome were similar cultures. Greek culture rose to dominance before Romans gained prominence therefore Roman culture is a continuation of Greek culture. Economically, Greece and Rome were viticulture, agriculture, and commerce based economies. Socially, a patriarchal society in which most of the population were serf farmers subjugated by local landlords prevailed. For innovations, the Romans did not develop Greek ideas, they preserved them: Aristotelian, Stoic, and Socratic/Platonic philosophies were the main patterns of thought in both cultures. The Greeks, however, were more intellectual and they developed during the Hellenistic period many intellectual developments like Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean theory, epic poetry, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian architecture, etc. The biggest divergence between Rome and Greece was political institutions. Because of natural barriers, like fragmented islands, mountain ranges, Greek society developed independent city states with a fierce localism that were bound only by a strong national identity. The government of these city states varied as well. Typically, the government would be a tyranny or autocratic rule, but Athens practiced direct democracy while Sparta practiced an oligarchy. In the Roman empire, before the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, the central government was a limited democracy republic: public assemblies elected officials to represent them in the Senate who reigned supreme over the executive. After Julius Caesar came into power, the empire had been centralized into a dictatorship and then a monarchy with an emperor with Augustus.