The+World+Economy

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 * 1. Page 354 In Depth: Causation and the West's Expansion**
 * 1) If you had to choose a single determinism (cultural, technological, economic) as a basic to social change, which one would you pick? Why?
 * I would choose technological. Even if there was cultural impetus and economic stimuli, without the proper technology, nothing truly matters. Though it can be applied in the other directions, economic and cultural stimuli can always be forged and easily invoked by individuals. Technology requires the efforts of civilizations, for refinement and application purposes, and not easily innovated.
 * 1) In what ways might the professed motives of Western explorers and colonists have differed from their real motives?
 * Many explorers and colonists can say that they are exploring or colonizing to spread their faith or the prestige of the nation. Though this may be true to some extent, most people are driven by the wealth of the Asian provinces outlined by Marco Polo's adventures.
 * 1) Would they necessarily have been aware of the discrepancy?
 * Yes they would have been. There is no way a person can mistake their motive for expansion. It's all about finding the best justification.


 * 2. Movie**
 * Pizarro conquers Incas
 * Ferdinand and Isabella
 * Agricultural basis of inequality
 * Non-native animals in Europe that provided many benefits, esp. labor
 * Inca geographic disadvantage
 * Lancer calvary, knight calvary, Mongol archer calvary variations in riding
 * Steel rapiers and gauche
 * Cortés conquered Aztecs by capturing Montezuma and exploiting the chaos
 * Mayans were literate but Inca was not
 * Blame geography
 * East-west expansion = similar climate and day lengths
 * Vertical expansion = changing climate

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 * 3. Notes page 350-359**
 * **The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power**
 * New Technology: A Key to Power
 * During the 15th century, one of the greatest determinisms of expansion was technology.
 * Maritime compass and advanced cartography
 * Gunpowder, guns, and cannons
 * More able ships equipped with cannons
 * Devastating steel weaponryy
 * Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack
 * Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded Portuguese exploration
 * 1434-1498 - Explorations to India
 * 1434 = Beginning
 * 1488 = Rounding **Cape of Good Hope**, tip of Africa
 * //1492 = Columbus's discovery of the New World//
 * 1498 = Vasco de Gama's arrival in India
 * Hostility from locals forced intimidation and executions
 * 1514 - Portuguese reach Indonesia and China
 * 1542 - Japan
 * Successful religious missions
 * Spaniards
 * Ferdinand Magellan and his global circumnavigation
 * 1519-1521 - Captures Philippines
 * Columbus awards Spain all of Latin America except Brazil
 * Totals
 * Portuguese
 * Coastal African ports like Mozambique
 * Indian port of Goa
 * Chinese port Macao
 * Brazil
 * Spanish
 * Philippines
 * Various Pacific Islands
 * Bulk of the Americas
 * Floridian Peninsula
 * Northern European Expeditions
 * 1588 - Defeat of the Spanish Armada
 * Inter-Christian rivalries inspire Dutch and English to innovate better ships than Spanish and Portuguese
 * Mercantalism
 * Britain
 * Captures West Indies
 * Colonizes the Eastern American Coast
 * 1534 - French explores and claims Hudson bay areas
 * Dutch
 * Broke free from Spain
 * Challenged Portuguese in Indonesia by 1600s
 * Dutch establish a settlement on Cape Hope
 * The three nations funded trading co. like the **Dutch East India Co.** and **British East India Co.**
 * With little regulation, they were de facto colonial governments able to raise armies, coin money, and amass fortunes

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 * **Toward a World Economy**
 * The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food
 * Cultural exchange bring Afro-Eurasian diseases that cause genocide
 * 50-80% of the indigenous population is killed
 * New Crops
 * American corn and sweet potatoes spread throughout the known world
 * Increase of world populations
 * Potatoes in Europe
 * Originally avoided by the Europeans
 * The West's Commercial Outreach
 * Europeans dominated international marital trade routes
 * Finalized in the **battle of Lepanto** in 1571 where the Spaniards destroyed the Ottoman fleet
 * Europeans established many ports on coastal junctures
 * Ports provided a spot to restock and connect to the inland via regional merchants
 * Western Europeans gained rights in many empires to establish colonies in the cities
 * e.g. Constantinople, Moscow, Nagasaki
 * Imbalances in World Trade
 * Spain has early advantage with Americas
 * Loses the advantage due to insufficient banking
 * England, France, and Holland benefit from maximized profits due to good bankers
 * Core nations: European nations that begin to dominate the world
 * Western Europe partakes in the **Triangular Trade** by providing manufactured goods
 * A System of International Inequality
 * Most of Asia and much of Africa reject core dependency
 * Lack of market economy in Latin America and Africa for peasantry
 * Regional merchants and economically benefiting landlords still arise
 * They do not generate or stimulate a market economy
 * Subjugation of local people
 * Slavery
 * Native American
 * Stratified colonial societies
 * Whites > **Mestizos** (mixed) > Natives
 * How Much World in the World Economy?
 * China benefits from trade
 * Adopts little from West
 * Adopts the principles of firearms
 * Regulated its trade with its bureaucracy and naval fleet
 * Macao was the entrepot and only access to China
 * Mercantile isolationist
 * Japan and Korea was also isolationists
 * Japan was more receptive to Western ideas like firearms and Christianity
 * The Expansionist Trend
 * More and more civilizations came into orbit under the core nations
 * More of a economical connection between the East and West Europe