Russia+and+China



>> >  >> >> >> >> ** Russia ** >>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>> >>> >>> >>> >>>>> >>> >>> >>>> >>> >>> >>> >>>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>>
 * 1) Read In Depth p.684 and answer the questions**
 * Constituents and reasons:
 * Rural folks - discontent with population growth, social inequalities, oppressive taxes and suppression of traditional protests like banditry
 * Urban artisans - displacement due to industrialization
 * Unemployed western-educated bloc - wanted jobs and dignity
 * Urban laborers - discontent about working conditions
 * Returning veterans - disillusioned with life and the lack of support
 * Revolutionary spirits were galvanized by Marxism and other communist (proletariat utopia) theories by leaders such as **Karl Marx, Mao Zedong** (China)**,** and **Ho Chi Minh** (Vietnam)
 * Anti-Westernization
 * 1) What internal and external factors weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution?
 * Internal factors primarily involved discontent among many social groups. In each society, due to urbanization and industrialization, the most prosperous members of society were the upper-middle and upper class. On the other hand, the working middle class, the rural farmers, and the urban poor, which constituted the majority of the population, did not receive such benefits; in fact, many of them were spurred to revolution by discontent over their government's believed exploitation. In addition, mutiny was rampant; the military in many cases often defected to the revolutionary cause.
 * External factors were the their involvement with capitalistic powers and the world wars (WWI, WWII, and the Cold War). Economic competition, the arms race, and containment and expansion caused returning veterans to often support revolutionary causes and drive up a growing tide of anti-Westernization.
 * 1) What key social groups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia, and why were they so important in each case?
 * The key social groups were the proletariat, the property-less working class, and the western-educated bloc. This former constituted numbers; they gave the revolutions the manpower it needed. Also, they were the people that were most zealous about the revolutions; communism promises a proletariat utopia, which compared to their social conditions then was very appealing. The latter provided the organization and drive. As a sort of an elite, compared to the rest of the constituents, western-educated revolutionaries were articulated and effective in their rallying techniques and they were organized into very prominent groups like the Russian intelligentsia.
 * 1) What similarities and differences can you identify among these three early revolutions in the 20th century?
 * Though some of their reasons may differ, the fundamental truth remains - the revolutions were a cause of social discontent amongst the lower class and anti-Westernization.
 * 2) Take outline notes on Russia**
 * 1) **p.681-685**
 * 2) **Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism**
 * The Russian Revolution of 1917 is divided into two parts. The first part is the February Revolution that established a liberal, westernized government that failed to live up to its promises. The second part is the October/Bolshevik Revolution that put the communist Bolsheviks and Lenin into power. Under Lenin, communism and one-party rule was consolidated. A civil war from 1917 to 1921 and its many resulting problems, disillusioned many of Lenin's supporters.
 * **Russian Revolution** of 1917
 * 1) **Soviets** (workers' councils) establishes a liberal, provisional government in the **February Revolution**
 * Headed by leaders like **Alexander Kerensky** who sough parliamentary rule and civil freedoms
 * 1) Due to prolongation of the WWI effort and holding off social change, social unrest continued and climaxed with the **October/Bolshevik Revolution** and the ascension of the **Bolsheviks**, and **Vladimir Lenin** as their leader (More on the Industrial Era Russia page)
 * Lenin had mass appeal amongst the proletariat and the Soviets
 * Lenin, the Bolsheviks, and leading urban soviets combined into the **Council of People's Commissars** to govern the state
 * Immediate problems faced by the Lenin regime
 * 1) The humiliating German-Russian peace treaty
 * Concessions of territory that became autonomous nation-states
 * 1) Exclusion from the Versailles conference
 * Reflected the hostility (diplomatic and militaristic) by Western powers
 * 1) Lack of popular support
 * The **Social Revolutionary Party,** since it promoted rural reforms, was the majority favorite at a parliamentary election
 * Resulted in the dissolution of a Western-style, mulitparty system and one-party communist rule
 * 1) Civil war
 * Tsarist generals, religiously faithful peasants, and minority nationalities opposed the communist regime
 * Land redistribution and nationalization of basic industry convinced landed peasants to reduce food production and the availability of market goods
 * Led to famine, unemployment, and industrial disruption
 * Led to resent and disillusionment towards the regime
 * 1) **Stabilization of Russia' Communist Regime**
 * The stabilization of Lenin's regime came from three sources: the Red Army, the New Economic Policy, and the elaboration of government. The Red Army provided a military might that culminated from social tides of loyalty. The New Economic Policy continued the socialist policies, but combined it with individual incentive to restore the economy damaged by the civil war. In politics, the nation was fragmented into communist controlled socialist republics united as the USSR.
 * Under **Leon Trotsky**, a Bolshevik leader, the **Red Army** was created with able generals and mases of loyal conscripts
 * Social cement included utilizing people with humble backgrounds and great ability (and showing that under the new regime, but not the previous one, they can achieve their full potential) and inspiring mass loyalty
 * Economic distress was reduced by the **New Economic Policy** in 1921
 * Socialism combined with individual initiative
 * New capital of Moscow and the nation was fragmented into socialist republics as the **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)**
 * The **Supreme Soviet** was elected by universal suffrage, but no competition
 * They ratified the executive's decisions and since the Communists controlled all aspects of government, there was no opposition to the decisions made by the regime
 * Updated the political police and hid under a facade of human rights in the constitution written in the 1930s
 * 1) **Soviet Experimentation**
 * The Soviets created a radically different government than all others during the time. They created an authoritarian state that controlled all levels of the bureaucracy with zero opposition from dissident forces. However, they did not suppress all forms of controversy. Organizations were allowed to form and provide input for development.
 * The Communist Party supported subsidiary organizations such as youth movements, women's groups, and worker organizations who influenced management practices, legality equality, and new educational and employment opportunities
 * Literacy spread quickly and educational propaganda shaped popular culture away from traditionalism and religion towards faith in Communist political analysis and science
 * Lenin's death in 1924 led to a power struggle amongst key lieutenants like Trotsky and **Joseph Stalin**
 * Stalin ascended in 1941 and shifted focus from **world revolution** (exemplified **Cominterns** promoted by his rivals and predecessor) to **socialism in one country**
 * He killed and exiled his rivals, downplayed international communism, and promoted collectivization (communal agriculture)
 * 1) **p.698-703**
 * 2) **Stalinism in the Soviet Union**
 * Stalin attempted to industrialize and modernize the Soviet Union through state initiative only, removing private initiative and dissolving Soviet experimentation.
 * 1) **Economic Policies**
 * Divided into two parts, Stalin's economic policies were primarily successful. Collectivization, at the beginning, was turbulent and resulted in many deaths and problems, but it led to further authoritarian consolidation and labor redistribution. Industrialization was achieved through five-year plans and the process was extremely successful. The Russian industry became the third most powerful industrial power uninhibited by the global economy.
 * In 1928, Stalin implemented **collectivization,** a policy of creating state-run farms instead of permitting individual land ownership
 * Poor laborers supported the policy
 * **Kulaks**, prosperous peasant landowners, resented the policies, destroyed livestock and equipment, and devastated food production
 * Similar to what happened when Lenin nationalized industry and promoted land redistribution
 * Executed and exiled to Siberia by the millions in the early 1930s
 * Removing the kulaks restored food production, but failed to satisfy the peasantry
 * Factorylike discipline and rigid planning from the government antagonized the peasantry
 * Agriculture remained a weak sector requiring abnormal amounts of labor force as an industrial society
 * Allowed for normally adequate food supplies and a redistribution of labor (rural to urban, farming to factory)
 * Stalin initiated a system of **five-year plans** to industrialize that was extremely successful
 * Massive metallurgic, mining, and electrification factories were established and autotomized the USSR from the global market
 * Price competition and formal centralized resource allocation (quotas) were extremely successful in curbing private ownership and profit-orientated western practices
 * By 1937, industrialization had multiplied 14-fold
 * 1) **Toward and Industrial Society**
 * Under the five-year plans, Russian society quickly became a splitting image of other industrial societies except it was socialist and completely controlled by the Communist Party.
 * Urbanization and overpopulation of cities
 * Factory discipline and pro-production
 * Public awards for extra-productivity
 * Welfare and insurance services
 * Strikes were outlawed and the sole trade union was controlled by the party
 * 1) **Totalitarian Rule**
 * Under Stalin, intellectual life and private life stressed state loyalty.
 * Stalin controlled intellectual life; popular art and scientific inquiry were denounced and **socialist realism** (romanticism of the commoners) and communist science became highly regarded
 * Loyalists weeded out intellectuals who refused to comply
 * The great purge of party leaders in 1937-1938 left Stalin completely in power as rivals and would-be rivals were executed, exiled, and imprisoned
 * This led to ineffectiveness towards foreign policy
 * Diplomacy with other nations were restored over time as the USSR was permitted into the League of Nations and struck up secret military treaties with nations like Turkey
 * New outlets were monopolized
 * The secret police was expanded and renamed the MVD
 * Even the **Politburo**, party congresses and meetings of the executive, were overseen
 * 1) **p.750-759**
 * 2) **The Soviet Union as Superpower**
 * The Soviet Union became a superpower because of several factors: ( 1 ) atomic development, hydrogen weaponry; ( 2 ) armament to rival the United States and outdo any other nation; and ( 3 ) imperialism (in the sense that it had the Iron Curtain, North Korea, Communist China, Communist Vietnam and Cuba as allies, increasing influence in communist movements throughout the world, and increasing military presence throughout the world [Cuban Missile Crisis, Afghanistan, U-2 incident, Korean Stalemate, Berlin Airlift Crisis, etc.])
 * 1) **The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe**
 * Post-WWII, the USSR was able to able to establish communist regimes throughout Eastern Europe, converting the area into the Iron Curtain and satellite countries. Under the Soviet control, the Eastern European countries developed to similar extents as the USSR undergone under the Five-Year plans. As Stalinism relaxed, renewed experimentation occurred and this was especially important since the Eastern European countries retained a sense of national identity and prior grievances.
 * By 1945, the most prominent Eastern European force was the Red Army and the post-Stalingrad push in WWII introduced communist influence into the soon-to-be satellite, Baltic nations that, with intensive collaboration amongst communist movements and military might, drove out non-communist regimes by 1948
 * Exception: Greece who shifted towards Westernization
 * Albania and Yugoslavia (latter led by Tito) were converted to communism; the former a staunch Stalinist that conflicted with post-Stalin leaders and the latter a neutralist that clashed with the Stalin regime for its more liberal, Lenin-like communism
 * In the satellite countries, the developments that occurred in the USSR occurred in the converted nations to similar extents
 * NATO and the EU was responded by the Warsaw Pact and an economic planning organization
 * Problems and responses:
 * 1) East Germany: strict Soviet control led to a West Germany exodus that was halted by the **Berlin Wall** in 1961
 * 2) Poland: More liberal communist leaders rose with the relaxation of Stalinism and the Soviets allowed a popular Polish leader to ascend into power, halt collectivization (and establish individual ownership), and tolerate the Catholic church
 * 3) Hungary: More liberal communist leaders rose with the relaxation of Stalinism, but they were brutally repressed by the Soviets and a Stalinist regime was established and incurred retaliation such as the revolt of 1956
 * 4) Czechoslovakia: In 1968, the rise of a more liberal regime was repressed and a harsher regime was instated
 * In Poland's case, and other countries as well, there was renewed experimentation that allowed Eastern Europe to carve our a separate economic bloc in world trade and establish closer ties with the West
 * Regardless, diplomatic and military alignment wit the USSR remained essential
 * Poland experienced Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement called the **Solidarity** due to economic stagnation and despondency
 * The Red Army only imprisoned key leaders and the Polish state police took over instead of harsh repression by the Red Army in other cases such as Hungary and Czechoslovakia
 * National diversity remained important and visible in industrial and political institutions
 * The need for continued military presence in the satellites diverted Soviet emphasis on expansionism, esp. requiring military ventures
 * 1) **Evolution of Domestic Policies**
 * In postwar USSR, Stalinism remained a prominent force for its isolationist and nationalist ideologies. Under reemphasized Stalinism, the economy and productivity recovered to prewar levels and quickly exceeded, the empire diverted foreign influences, and the omnipresent bureaucracy expanded slightly while maintaining the ever loyal Communist Party constituency.
 * 1) **Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions**
 * Under Stalinism, all materials that would even in the slightest draw away loyalty towards the state was banned and repressed. This pattern affected all aspects of society: religion, arts, and politics. To ensure this system, the MVD, the educational system, the propaganda, and domination of organizations like the communist controlled Writers' Union weeded out dissidents and promoted fervent loyalty. As Stalinism relaxed, more freedom was permitted to the arts. Artists were able to be more critical of the government and explore more art forms. Scientists were allowed to develop more freely though some fields were still heavily regulated. Lastly, western culture began to show itself in Soviet culture, despite official suspicion, but the gov't allowed it as long as their culture wasn't tainted.
 * Declared war on the Orthodox church and other religions after 1917
 * Vestigial church activities remained under strict government supervision
 * The church was barred from giving religious instruction to minors and schools denounced religion as superstition
 * Only the elderly seemed interested in church attendance by 1950
 * Jews were persecuted by the state playing off traditional Russian Antisemitism
 * Muslims were given greater freedom, but closely monitored
 * Suppression of seditious (anything not within party lines) materials
 * Cultivation of loyalty within in the educational system
 * Denounced western art styles as decadent until the cold war thaw when West pop became popular
 * After Stalin, censorship eased and critical materials were allowed to be print
 * **Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn** and his //The Gulag Archipelago// trilogy did such, but he denounced Western culture and Communist extremism
 * Scientists wielded considerable power and scientific research was heavily funded allowing for breakthroughs in many fields
 * Biologists and psychiatrists were heavily oppressed and told to denounce western ideas
 * 1) **Economy and Society**
 * Eastern European modernization involved:
 * 1) State control of all economic sectors
 * 2) Imbalances between heavy industrial goods and consumer items
 * Heavy industry industrialized greatly and was greatly funded
 * Consumer good industries were poorly funded and did not reach anywhere as close to the technological level of heavy industry
 * 1) Unusual amounts of environmental damage
 * 2) Inadequate agricultural sector
 * Higher than average labor workforce that maintain problems with food supply and quality
 * Reallocation of funds to armaments
 * Cultural developments mirrored the cultural developments in the West
 * 1) Common factory culture with the West
 * Pro-productivity
 * Similar incentive systems
 * Similar leisure culture
 * 1) Division between workers and a better-educated, managerial middle class
 * 2) Focus on the nuclear family, education, and future prosperity
 * 3) Decline in birth rates
 * Married women, since the USSR did not experience the idealization of housewives, were active in the labor force.
 * 1) **De-Stalinization**
 * A lack of desire to antagonize another key power blocs, the post-Stalin ruling committee balanced interest groups resulting in conservatism that preserved Stalinism. In 1956, **Nikita Khrushchev** emerged as the successor and denounced Stalinism for its political consolidation, narrowness, and isolationism. His tone of de-Stalinization was never really realized. De-Stalinization led greater freedom of intellectuals (__refer above to soviet culture__) and increased, but still minimal, western interactions, but many aspects of the Stalin society remained intact. That fact manifested itself in the lack of motivation amongst workers, rebelliousness amongst teens, and most importantly, deteriorating economic conditions. The inability to provide substantive harvests and economic stability came to unravel the Soviet Empire.
 * Khrushchev, in terms of the Cold War, was a lot less militant than his predecessor avoiding direct warfare, but maintaining high levels of preparedness. He was not, however, less competitive than Stalin. Russia showed great success in their space program with the //Sputnik// and incredible results in the Olympics.
 * 1) **p.841-847**
 * 2) **The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s**
 * From 1985 onward, the USSR entered a period of form that dismantled the Soviet empire that had collapsed from the economic burdens imposed by the arms race. Forced industrialization had its limits, economy drove to a standstill and production deteriorated the environmental until health problems, poor worker morale, and rigid quota systems caused the empire to implode. The implosion caused Soviets to end their isolationism and to participate in the global society.
 * 1) **The Age of Reform**
 * In 1985, **Mikhail Gorbachev** renewed support for de-Stalinization and began to thaw the Cold War with disarmament agreements such as the SALT talks. Divided into two parts, reform was divided between **glasnost** (openness), aiming to provide freedom of speech and internal social reforms similar to Lenin's policy while capturing Aleksandr's view towards the West - many speculated whether or not these reforms could take place considering the central apparatus remained a critical part in Soviet society. **Perestroika** aimed to open the USSR to the global economy and reform economically. Private ownership, decentralization, and foreign investment were among the propositions to end the isolationism that hindered the empire.
 * Politically, Gorbachev encouraged a new constitution in 1988 empowering a new parliament, the **Congress of People's Deputies**, and abolishing the Communist monopolization of elections, thus removing their political one-party dominance. As a result, Gorbachev was divided between leftist radicals and conservative hard-liners. Regardless, he became president of the USSR in 1990.
 * For women, Gorbachev promoted domestic roles.
 * 1) **Dismantling the Soviet Union**
 * Gorbachev reversed postwar imperialism completely, allowing Eastern European states to gain their full autonomy.
 * 1) Bulgaria pushed for economic liberalization in 1987 and gained free elections in 1989
 * 2) Hungary changer leadership in 1988; the Communist Party --> Socialist Party
 * 3) Poland installed a non-communist government in 1988 and dismantled the state-run economy
 * Driven by the Solidarity
 * 1) East Germany expelled key leaders and tore down the Berlin Wall in 1989, held free elections in 1990, and united with West Germany in 1991
 * 2) Czechoslovakia replaced their gov't in 1989
 * Mass demonstrations were key to these political upheavals
 * Intensive clashes between nationalities
 * All Eastern European states suffered the same problems with sluggish production, massive pollution, and economic problems
 * All Eastern European States received new contacts with Western nations esp. those involved with the EU
 * 1) **Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s**
 * A military coup to overthrow Gorbachev snowballed into the dissolution of the USSR and political fragmentation that spurred more violence and a volatile atmosphere.
 * A military coup attempted to overthrow Gorbachev, however popular demonstrations supported the leader's democratization
 * The coup weakened Gorbachev's authority and thus the leadership of individual republics increased to the point the leaders of major republics decided to disband the USSR (forming states like Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan) in 1991
 * Dissolved into the **Commonwealth of Independent States**
 * **Boris Yeltsin** became the leader of Russia, renounced communism and brought parliament under some control through force
 * Tensions remained between the states as they clashed on economic coordination, military coordination (The largest state of Russia wanted dominance including nuclear control which Ukraine and Kazakhstan had as well), and relationships between the European-dominated republics and the cluster of central Asian states
 * Yeltsin and other Russian leaders were reluctant to convert to a full market system in fears of antagonizing the populace
 * A civil war erupted between the state and the Muslims in Chechnya
 * **Vladimir Putin** rose to power in 1999 declaring his commitment to democracy and free press (with hypocrisy towards the latter) and an adamant stance about the Chechnya revolt


 * 3) Leadership Analysis of Joseph Stalin**
 * **Name of Leader:** Joseph Stalin ||
 * **Lifespan:** 1878-1953 || **Title:** Premier of the Soviet Union ||
 * **Country/region:** USSR || **Years in Power:** 1941-1953 ||
 * **Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:**
 * Authoritarian, communist, one-party rule state fragmented into socialist republics controlled by the Communist Party
 * Lenin's New Economic Policy; combination of state and individual initiatives
 * Soviet experimentation
 * World revolution theory guided Soviet policies
 * Powerful army with the consolidation of the Red Army
 * Anti-Westernization ||
 * **Ideology, Motivation, Goals:**
 * Socialism in one country
 * Industrialize through state initiative only
 * Consolidate power
 * Anti-capitalism ||
 * **Significant Actions & events During Term of Power**
 * Collectivization beginning in 1928
 * Great purge in 1937
 * Beginning the five-year plans in 1928
 * Removal of the kulaks in the early 1930s
 * Intervening in the Spanish Civil War 1936-1937
 * Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact in 1939
 * World War II, Yalta and Tehran Conferences
 * Stalingrad ||
 * **Short-Term effects:**
 * Devastated the agricultural sector || **Long-Term Effects:**
 * Industrialized and Urbanized USSR
 * Established USSR as an industrial and military power
 * The Iron Curtain and expansion of communism
 * Consolidation of power within the state ||

>> >> At the outbreak of WWI, Russia was an autocratic state. As time progressed, the tsarist autocracy was replaced by a communist republic that, through the policies instated by decisive leaders, reestablished the trend of authoritarianism under a one-party ruled bureaucracy. This resulted in the formation the USSR, in which Russia needed to develop a political structure that extended its sphere of influence beyond its republic's boundary. Nearing the end of the period, however, the authoritarian state imploded and Russia underwent a gradual democratization as globalization drew Russia into the global stage amongst Western powers like the United States. >> >> Russian society during the modern world era was overhauled to meet the objectives of communism. As a result, Russia experienced a social revolution with diminishing class boundaries and collectivism. Though the Soviet ascension meant social upheaval, some aspects of society remained intact such as the role of women whose presence throughout the period remained strong and only gained strength.  China >>>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>>> >>> >>>>> >>>
 * 4) Write a thesis statement for the following questions**
 * 1) Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
 * At the outbreak of WWI, Russia was an autocratic state. As time progressed, the tsarist autocracy was replaced by a communist republic that, through policies instated by decisive leaders, reestablished the trend of authoritarianism while radically redefining the political structure
 * 1) Analyze the changes in Russian society from 1914 to the present
 * In the modern world period, Russian culture is defined by its unique sense of identity; resisting or drawing very little from Western influences and relying solely on their nationalistic ideologies. Nearing the end of the period, the Russian isolationism declined as leaders decide to integrate Russia with the global society.
 * 5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present**
 * 1) p. 685-689
 * 2) **Toward Revolution in China**
 * After the vacation of the Qing throne, the power void became a contest for ascension.
 * Many powers contested for the abdicated Qing throne, the most poised were the
 * 1) Regional military commanders banded in cliques, such as the clique led by **Yuan Shikai**
 * 2) The merchants and bankers of coastal cities with ties to funded regional warlords and middle-class politicians like Sun Yat-sen
 * 3) The western-educated bloc (thought they lacked the force)
 * 4) Secret societies
 * 5) The Japanese (until 1945).
 * 1) **China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative**
 * With the 1911 revolt, nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen who spearheaded the revolt ascended to presidency, but without the necessary force to maintain it, he surrendered the position to Juan Shikai, the most powerful northern warlord. Shikai's one-minded pursuits and the Revolutionary Alliance's compliance with the Japanese impositions with the Twenty One Demands resulted in a massive movement organized by intellectuals on May 4, 1911. As an alternative to the westernization approach suggested by the May Fourth Movement, some students studied the communist successes in Russia and adapted Marxism.
 * **Sun Yat-sen** was the leader of the **Revolutionary Alliance** and claimed the mandate for the coalition after the 1911 revolt
 * Symbolic power under the warlords despite establishing a parliament a cabinet, and Sun as the president
 * Abdicated the presidency to Yuan Shikai in 1912
 * Shikai lied to Sun about committing to democratization and vied to be emperor
 * Suppressed dissents using military force and assassination
 * Thwarted by other warlords, nationalists like Sun, and the Japanese
 * Free-for-all struggle began in 1916 when Yuan, and his single-minded pursuits, was forced to abdicate and the Revolutionary Alliance showed sympathies for the Japanese **Twenty One Demands**
 * The **May Fourth movement** was a student run demonstration aimed to transform China into a liberal democracy and protest against Japanese inroads gained during the 1919 Treaty of Versailles
 * Composed of marches, petitions, strikes, mass boycotts, and publications
 * Ridiculed traditional Confucianism and embraced westernization
 * Called for the liberation of women
 * Popular amongst the urban youth
 * The Russian Revolution inspired Chinese thinkers to adapt Marxism
 * **Li Dazhao** was the most influential thinker and thought the peasants as opposed to (how Lenin believed) the urban workers as the center force in revolutionary change
 * **Mao Zedong** was a student of Dazhao and shared his anti-Western sentiments
 * 1) **The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang**
 * In 1919, the Guomindang allied itself with communist powers to become a dominant and viable power in China.
 * Sun returned from exile in Japan in 1919 and reorganized vying powers under the Nationalist Party of China, the **Guomindang**
 * They forged alliances with key social groups and built an army of their own
 * Official allied with themselves with the communists in 1924, using them as the liaison to the peasantry
 * Received help from USSR whom sent advisors and material assistance
 * Focused on politics instead of reforms, distancing themselves from the peasantry
 * The 1924 establishment of the **Whampoa Military Academy** allowed a military element to the Guomindang as a prominent nationalist was the first head of the academy **Chiang Kai-shek**
 * Nationalist leaders like Sun were completely ignorant to the abysmal rural conditions
 * 1) **Mao and the Peasant Option**
 * After the events in 1927, the Long March in 1934 established Zedong as a viable leader.
 * After Sun's death, Kai-shek and his allied warlords took power and marched throughout China preying on the infighting to become the de facto leader of China
 * The Guomindang brutally suppressed workers' organization in Shanghai 1927 and compelled Mao Zedong with 90,000 followers to march to the remote northwest in the **Long March**
 * Kai-shek's power deteriorated as the Japanese advance wiped out his power center and forced him to ally with communists.
 * 1) p. 823-830
 * 2) **Mao's China and Beyond**
 * After forcing Kai-shek to flee to Formosa, Zedong established the People's Republic of China. He achieved success because he had mass support.
 * The retreat from the coastal bases to inland Chongqing and reliance on foreign aid eroded Kai-shek's status
 * The guerrilla tactics employed the communists were far more effective and won they widespread support amongst the peasants and intellectuals who defected to their side
 * As a result, the four-year civil war resulted in the Guomindang fleeing to Formosa in 1949 and the **People's Republic of China** in Beijing
 * Zedong promised reform such as land reform, access to education, improved health care
 * Could be seen in the Zedong's troops whom were instructed to have the "win the hearts" approach of US troops in Vietnam as opposed to the Guomindang forces that prompted confiscation, rape, and murder
 * Mao and other generals like **Lin Biao** were far more adept generals than the Guomindang and their troops were better treated
 * 1) **The Communists Come to Power**
 * The Communists come into power with intricate and organized political and military power that allowed it to assert itself within and beyond its sphere of influence.
 * **Party cadres** and the **People's Liberation Army** constituted the political and military organization that defined the communist regime
 * Party > military
 * The regime asserted its power within and beyond their sphere of influence
 * Secessionist movements in Inner Mongolia and Tibet were suppressed
 * Intervention in the Korean stalemate and contributing directly to the armistice
 * Intervened in Vietnam
 * Threatened Taiwan and Kai-shek
 * Sino-Soviet as tensions regarding border disputes and the lack of presence from Khrushchev drove them apart
 * Nuclear power
 * 1) **Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice**
 * The economic development mirrored the Soviet's consolidation of economy. Critics were exposed and dispersed.
 * Land distribution and purge of the landlord class
 * Adopted Stalin's five-year plans in 1953
 * Represented a shift of focus from the peasantry to the urban workforce
 * Overextended the peasantry to draw the resources and finance industrial growth
 * Successful in developing a technocrat base and heavy industry
 * Led to state planning and centralization
 * Unacceptable to Mao and other radicals
 * Anti-elitist, distrusted intellectuals, disliked specialization - Mao pushed the **Mass line approach** which were agricultural cooperatives beginning in 1955 that became farming collectives
 * Purge of critics in 1957 with his "flowers bloom" ruse
 * 1) **The Great Leap Backward**
 * The Great Leap Forward was an ambitious plan to create self-reliance amongst the peasantry that failed horribly. It created economic stagnancy, backwards production, social problems and despair. Ultimately, this move caused Zedong to forfeit his position to **pragmatists** like **Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui,** and **Deng Xiaoping.**
 * 1958 **Great Leap Forward**
 * Focusing development and industrialization as small-scale projects in peasant communes instead of large-scale plants in cities
 * Industrial development would be aimed at producing amenities required by peasantry (e.g. cement and tractors)
 * Self-reliance and the idea of "backyard" furnaces
 * Failed horribly with opposition, corruption, and poor production coupled with drought
 * Rejected family planning, thus no curbing population growth until the mid-1960s
 * 1960s - Two per urban family, one for rural
 * 1970s - Two for all
 * 1980s - One for all
 * 1) **"Women Hold up Half the Heavens"**
 * Though the tops of the government were controlled by men, women, for their participation throughout history, found themselves active in all parts of society.
 * **Jiang Qing** was to Mao as Theodora was to Justinian
 * Women have been an active voice in revolutionary traditions, with notable presence in the Taping, Boxer, and 1911 rebellions
 * The May Fourth Movement worked to end foot binding, female seclusion, legal and social inequities
 * Opposed by Nationalists in the late-1920s and led by Mada Chiang Kai-shek
 * Communist women participated in everything from farming to building machine gun bunkers, even soldiers
 * Some became cadre leaders
 * Revolution empowered women
 * Choice over arranged marriages (practice still persists)
 * Improved occupational chances (proved to be a burden)
 * Expected to work and be a mother
 * 1) **Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four**
 * No longer the president, Zedong organized the Cultural Revolution as his last ditch effort to ensure his policies stayed in place. The ensuing chaos grew out of control and eventually it was suppressed. In the aftermath, the pragmatists with new found strength defeated the Gang of Four whom acted in Zedong's place and opened China to small influences of westernization.
 * Zedong apposed Xiaoping's efforts to scale back the communes, promote production via private plots, and push economic growth over political orthodoxy
 * Zedong's anti-western sentiments culminated in the **Cultural Revolution**
 * The **Red Guard** student brigades public ridiculed and abused Zedong's political rivals
 * The rank and file of the People's Liberation Army and aroused students pulled down the bureaucrats from their positions of power
 * Dismantled the centralized state and technocracy
 * Called off in 1968 when the People's Liberation Army retaliated
 * In the 1970s, pragmatists were defeating ideologues like Zedong, Jiang Qing, and her **Gang of Four** who tried to gain power on Zedong's behalf
 * The Gang of Four planned a military coup against the pragmatists, but they were arrested and suppressed
 * Xiaoping opened up China to Western influences and capitalist, but not democratic, development
 * Farming communes were discontinued, private initiative was promoted, private enterprise and economic experimentation began

>> 1) First Chairman of the Communist Party of China 2) First Chairman of the People's Republic of China || 1) 1943-1976 2) 1954-1959 || >> >> The power void after the Qing abdication resulted a system of puppet presidency until the rise of Communism and a centralized state with the People's Republic. Throughout the period, military power remained essential to gaining power and the organization of political leaders allowed the political system to sustain itself to modern day. >> >> Following the Russian model, Chinese society experienced a social overhaul in which social distinctions were blurred and the majority of the population were organized into rural communes. Though the social upheaval changed many aspects of society, especially the liberation of women, traditional practices especially those regarding the woman's role in the household remained.  ** Comparison **
 * 6) Read //Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 and answer the questions at the end of the document**
 * The May Fourth protest was primarily civil disobedience, casualty coming from suppression
 * Like the USSR, China had communist subsidiary branches.
 * 1) Why does Li Peng object to the protest movement?
 * Li Peng sees the protest movement as a disturbance that is hindering the government, disrupting the normal flow of life, and bringing down the prestige of China.
 * 1) How does he try to persuade ordinary Chinese that the protest should cease?
 * He highlights how dangerous the hunger strike is to the protesters and others emphasizing a hostage situation and the attempts on the government side to alleviate some of the most as risk protesters and listen to their complaints. In addition, he highlights the banditry throughout the country.
 * 1) What arguments resemble those many governments use against protest?
 * Protests are not constructive; they are anarchic and only tend to promote violence. If people want to have their inputs heard, they should do it in a civil manner.
 * 1) What arguments reflect more distinctively Chinese tradition or communist values?
 * The suppression of the students have been extremely relaxed compared to initiatives that would have been taken by other countries because the masses of youths are the children and future of China.
 * Protest is solicited by a handful of malicious people, using confusion to distort and turn the people against the government.
 * 1) Why did the Chinese decide to repress political democracy?
 * Political democracy was the institution the few instigators wanted to bring to China. As a response, faith in the Communist system should be reemphasized and that the cadres and PLA is the way to go.
 * 7) Leadership analysis on Mao Zedong**
 * **Name of Leader:** Mao Zedong ||
 * **Lifespan:** 1893 - 1976 || **Title:**
 * **Country/region:** China || **Years in Power:**
 * **Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power**
 * The Guomindang was in power under Chiang Kai-shek
 * Ignorant to the abysmal rural conditions of destitution and abuse
 * Galvanized western-educated intellectual bloc
 * Majority of the population was peasantry and a small group was proletariat
 * Economic dominance by western powers
 * Japanese inroads in China after first Sino-Japanese War and continued influence in China after 1919 Versailles Conference ||
 * **Ideology, Motivation, Goals:**
 * Inspired by Li Biao and the need to relieve the peasantry
 * Relieve the sufferings of the peasantry
 * Resented elitism
 * Anti-westernization
 * Peasant was the force of revolution (as described by Biao)
 * Liberation of women ||
 * **Significant Actions & events During Term of Power**
 * Participation in the Korean Stalemate and Vietnam
 * 1957 purge of critics with the flower ruse
 * Mass line approach
 * Implementing five-year plans
 * Great Leap Forward
 * Child restriction laws
 * Cultural Revolution ||
 * **Short-Term effects:**
 * Limited the amount of children a family could have
 * Devastated Chinese productivity || **Long-Term Effects**
 * Establishing the norm for the Republic
 * Lost to the pragmatists opening up China to western influences. ||
 * 8) Write a thesis statement for the following questions**
 * 1) Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
 * After the power void left by the Qing abdication, many groups vied for power. Throughout the period, to contest for and maintain power, political leaders had to have military might and often required the support of warlords. The political direction throughout the period had varied as many pushed for democracy and authoritarianism, ultimately resulting in Communism.
 * 1) Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present
 * After the Qing dynasty, renunciation of the traditional Confucian beliefs continued as did influences from western powers like the United States. Once the People's Republic was established, Chinese society went into an isolation period that was lifted during the later years of the 20th century.
 * 9) Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**

**Thesis Statement:** Throughout the 20th century, China and Russia experienced similar political developments as the former was greatly inspired by the latter and adopted many the policies they implemented. Both countries experienced the rise of a communist regime focused on centralization and industrialization that, with succeeding leaders, drifted away from the policies of their initial leaders. Near the end of the century, however, only China retained communism as Russia and itself opened themselves to globalization.

**Topic Sentence #1:** In Russia and China, the Communist Party gained one-party rule; the Bolsheviks in Russia consolidated under Lenin and the CPC consolidated under Mao Zedong.


 * **Evidence:** Bolsheviks, CPC, Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, People's Liberation Army, Red Army, Council of People's Commisars, Supreme Soviet, Forcing out the Guomindang in China
 * ** Direct Comparison(s) : ** Dissolution of the Social Revolutionary Party and the Guomindang retreat to Formosa, Red Army and the People's Liberation Army, Party Cadres and Soviets, Lenin and Stalin to Mao Zedong
 * **Analysis of Direct Comparison :** Each example is a consolidation of power as one party rule and the dominance of the authoritarian state

**Topic Sentence #2:** Later leaders such as Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping drifted away from policies of Stalin and Mao Zedong whom preceeded them.
 * **Evidence:** de-Stalinization, Glasnost, Perestroika, Gorbachev's appearances, pragmatism, defeat of the Gang of Four, shift from communism to socialism
 * **Direct Comparison(s):** de-Stalinization, Glasnost and Perestroika to pragmatism, Gorbachev and Xiaoping
 * **Analysis of Direct Comparison:** Each leader wanted to open up thier respective countries to the global economy which conflicted with the inherited isolationist policies


 * Topic Sentence #3: ** Putin came in office 1999 vowing a commitment to to democracy while Xiaoping in China refused to fully convert into a full market economy or democratize.
 * **Evidence:** Greater freedom of the press, socialism
 * **Direct Comparison(s):** Putin and Xiaoping
 * ** Analysis of Direct Comparison: ** After policies by Yeltsin to expose Russia to western influences, Putin took it upon himself to democratize. Xiaoping, still suspicious of capitalist enterprise, allowed western influences, but disavowed a complete transition.


 * 10) Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

Thesis Statement: During the 20th century, the introduction of communism meant industrialization and urbanization culminating with a social overhaul. Both societies experienced changes within social hierarchies and shared similar directions with gender roles.

Topic Sentence #1:
 * Evidence
 * Direct Comparison(s)
 * Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #2:
 * Evidence
 * Direct Comparison(s)
 * Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #3:
 * Evidence
 * Direct Comparison(s)
 * Analysis of Direct Comparison