Industrialization+and+Imperialism

**Nationalism**

 * As revolutions swept through the Atlantic in the late 18th and early 19th centuries people came to identify themselves as part of a community called a nation.


 * 1) Who, What, When, Where, Why analysis of the Treaty of Westphalia**
 * Who?
 * The powers involved with the Thirty Years' War, primarily the HRE, France and Sweden
 * What?
 * A treaty to end the destructive Thirty Years' War effectively over with the Battle of Prague
 * Creates the concept of sovereignty
 * Settles Protestant-Catholic disputes around Europe
 * Formalization of the Dutch and Swedish Independence from Spain and the HRE, respectively
 * When?
 * 1648 after the HRE lost the Battle of Prague due to the Franco-Swedish intervention
 * Where?
 * Germany where most of the fighting was conducted
 * Why?
 * The Franco-Swedish intervention and the losses accumulated by the Imperial Army convinced the Imperial leaders to vie for peace.

> >> >> >> >> >> >>
 * 2) Define nationalism**
 * The sense of pride in one's culture in that one strives to better it and impose it upon other cultures
 * 2a) Nationalistic Movements:**
 * Unification of Italy
 * **Count Camillo di Cavour**, a conservative from Piedmont, supported industrialization and liberal-conservative compromise. He used liberal support to formalize an alliance with France in which Piedmont and France captured the Northern Italian states under Austria's control, beginning in 1858. The nationalistic rebellion that followed throughout the peninsula allowed Cavour to unite the peninsula under the Piedmont king. In addition to the surge of political power centralized within the king, the political authority of the Pope dwindled.
 * Unification of Germany
 * Prussian Prime Minister **Otto von Bismarck** followed Cavour's example and waged war as a diplomatic tool. He devised pretexts of nationalism to attack nations like Denmark, Austria, and France. As a result, Prussia was the predominant German state by 1866 and German unification was achieved in 1871. The empire had a national bicameral parliament that supported a liberal lower house and conservative upper house. The success and compromise of Bismarck's policies, fueled by nationalistic pride, won favor for his regime.
 * Zionism
 * A Jewish movement to reestablish a Jewish state in thier ancient homelands of Palestine. Followers from all sides supported this political-religious movement and sought to create a Jewish sovereignty.
 * Brazilian Independence
 * As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the Portuguese government relocated itself to Rio de Janeiro. When Napoleon was defeated, Dom **João VI**, left his son Pedro as the regent of Brazil with instructions to lead a nationalistic independence movement when necessary. As the Portuguese government attempted to recolonized Brazil, Pedro assumed leadership as the constitutional emperor and resisted recolonization efforts.
 * Monroe Doctrine
 * A document issued by James Monroe in 1823 demanding that European presences ceased their efforts to colonize the Americas. This represents the empowerment United States citizens felt as a result of manifest destiny and the relative prosperity in the Era of Good Feelings.
 * Argentine Republic
 * The **porteños**, residents of Buenos Aires, resented the Spanish trading restrictions, but desired to maintain control over its surrounding areas. In 1810, they pushed for freedom, but the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina, Peru, Uraguay, Paraguay, etc.) declared independence from Spain and one another in 1816 under the leadership of **José de San Martín.**
 * Balkan Nationalism
 * After winning independence from the Ottomans, pride in their distinct Slavic cultures led to internal conflict. In addition, Serbia, a powerful Balkan state, conflicted with the Austrian-Hungarian control. The nationalism invoked by Balkan indepedence led to the assassination of Archiduke Ferdninad and served as the precursor to WWI.

**3) Summarize the global impact of Nationalism in 200 words**
 * Nationalism is pride in one's culture and heritage and this manifested itself in international competition. Sovereign states desired to improve themselves by promoting internal developments such as industrialization, commercialization/mass consumerism. Those reforms led to more efficient bureaucracies, larger populations, intellectual advancement and economic prosperity that allowed imperialism. Nationalism also invoked various rebellions throughout the world as dependent/colonized areas vied for their own sovereignty. For example, the British and Spanish Americas revolted and established their own sovereignties while other areas like the Balkans broke free from first the Ottoman than Austrian-Hungarian dominance. In regards to politics, nationalism prompted the transformiso, a process in which politicians desired to promote the status quo despite their platforms. Platforms, due to constitutional/governmental issues and then the social question, consisted of theories like socialism, conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism. Most importantly, nationalism led to international conflict. Imperialistic tendencies and desires to maintain one’s prosperity culminated to WWI that devastated the European world.

Industrialization
// Index Numbers of World Trade (Volume of trade in selected years compared to 1913) //
 * 4) Look at the data below and answer the questions that follow**
 * Year || Index Number ||
 * 1850 || 10 ||
 * 1870 || 24 ||
 * 1895 || 48 ||
 * 1901 || 67 ||
 * 1911 || 96 ||
 * 1913 || 100 ||

// Iron Production (1000's Metric Tons) //
 * || 1830 || 1850 || 1913 ||
 * Britain || 700 || 2,716 || 9,792 ||
 * France || 244 || 1,262 || 4,626 ||
 * Russia || 167 || 231 || 3,870 ||
 * Germany || 111 || 246 || 14,836 ||

// Years of Life Expectancy at Birth //
 * Country || Year: 1820 || Year: 1900 ||
 * Britain || 40 || 50 ||
 * Average,rest of Western Europe || 36 || 46 ||
 * United States || 39 || 47 ||
 * Japan || 34 || 44 ||
 * Russia || 28 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Latin America || 27 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Asia || 23 || 24 ||
 * Average all Africa || 23 || 24 ||

>>
 * **Which of the data sets above do you think is the most significant? Why?**
 * The Iron Production data set is the most significant because it shows the impact of the industrialization. Iron was the most commonly used metal in industrial endeavors and to comprehend that the metric tons of iron used multiplied over 1000% shows the rate of growth of internal manufacturing and production.
 * **Taken together what do these data sets tell us?**
 * Trade and industrialization proliferated and the standard of living increased proportionally. The welath of nations improved vastly with new means of production and they becan to support internal improvements that allowed people to live longer.

[|Industrial Revolution Introduction.pdf]
 * 5) Read the following and answer the questions below**
 * What was the Industrial revolution?
 * Major changes to production, transportation and communications that completely changed
 * What was its origins?
 * The Enlightenment ideas of progress, the population revolution that doubled some populations, the increasing demand for cotton textiles and iron, the availability of raw materials from colonies, the invention of steam powered machinery, taylorism, and government sanctions
 * Started primarily in England due to its secrets of textiles
 * What were its major effects?
 * Living conditions generally rose; mortality (death:birth) rates decreased
 * Displacement of traditional home production
 * Education of the youth
 * More specialized and closely monitored labor
 * Mass leisure culture
 * Liberal social reforms
 * Promotion of new theories like socialism; reaffirmation of movements like feminism and colonialism; increased nationalism and imperialistic tendencies

media type="custom" key="8619094"
 * 6) Industrialization Mind Map**

**Imperialism**


 * 7) Examine the map below and the data that follows - What do they show us?**
 * The map shows us that nationalism developed to imperialism within Great Britain. The British Empire controlled Canada after the American Revolution, parts West Indies, which they captured from the French; South Africa which involved the **Great Trek and the Zulu Wars;** the Indian peninsula with the de facto British East Indies Co., and Australia and the Pacfica with penal colonization.
 * The data sets reflect the colonialism and imperialism presented in the map. Great Britian proliferated so that the "sun never dawns on the British Empire" while other sovereign powers like the French and Dutch continued their imperial pursuits. Though unrepresented, in culmination, the European-US powers controlled most of the known world.

// Extent of Colonial Control //
 * ~  ||~ Great Britain ||~ France ||~ Belgium ||~ Netherlands ||~ Germany (1914) ||
 * ~ Area in Square Miles || 94,000 || 212,600 || 11,800 || 13,200 || 210,000 ||
 * ~ Population || 45,500,100 || 42,000,000 || 8,300,000 || 8.500,000 || 67,500,000 ||
 * ~ Area of Colonies || 13,100,000 || 4,300,000 || 940,000 || 790,000 || 1,100,000 ||
 * ~ Population of Colonies || 470,000,000 || 65,000,000 || 13,000,000 || 66,000,000 || 13,000,000 ||

SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, //European Colonial Expansion Since 1871// (Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19

// Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers // (1900) SOURCE: A. Supan, // Die territoriale Entwicklung der Euroaischen Kolonien // (Gotha, 1906), p. 254
 * ||~ Percentage Controlled ||~  ||
 * ~ Africa || 90.4% ||
 * ~ Polynesia || 98.9% ||
 * ~ Asia || 56.5% ||
 * ~ Australia || 100.0% ||
 * ~ Americas || 27.2% ||


 * 8) Define Imperialism in your own words:**
 * The social, political, and economic desire to expand one's sovereignty in order to promote development and nationalism


 * 9) What were the motivations for Imperialism?**
 * Nationalism: people were convinced that they were the best race on the planet and thus divinely and/or rationally justified to conquer the world
 * Industrialization:
 * The steam engine allowed ships to go to places they could not before
 * Agricultural production increased allowing for food surpluses
 * Stronger materials such as steel and the availability of iron
 * Economic advantage and the means to maintain **all** advantages
 * Repeating weaponry
 * Mercantilism: export more than you import
 * Social darwinism
 * Missions

While many countries, including but not limited to France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Nations, engaged in Imperialist activity; Great Britain is known above all as the best example of a true imperialist nation. We will examine the actions of Great Britain to gain a better understanding of the nature, extent and effects of Imperialism.


 * 10) Key Terms**


 * The British East India Company
 * A trading (joint-stock) company established by capitalist entrepreneurs and granted a monopoly of the Indian Ocean trade by the government. It acted a de facto government with the power to amass an army if it chose to.
 * Sepoys
 * Indian troops recruited by the British East Indian Co. and constituted their attack force
 * British Raj
 * Derived from **Rajput,** which were the Indian rulers; the British Raj was a political establishment in India that grew from the international Franco-Anglo rivalry
 * Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference
 * European division of Africa coordinated by Bismarck between 14 signatories
 * Settlement Colonies
 * Colonies established by migrants from the home nation; this was the major type of European colonization alongside **tropical dependencies**
 * White Dominions
 * Europeans were the majority of the population in any given colony; prominent in empires; e.g. Chile and Argentina, Autralia amd Canada
 * Cecil Rhodes
 * A British entrepreneur that flocked to Orange Free State after the discovery of diamonds
 * James Cook
 * British explorer who opened up Hawaii to Western influence by 1780


 * 11) Graphic Organizer**
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India || * Meddled with Indian affairs and gained land via this method
 * Established powerful army with sepoys
 * **Battle at Plassey** in 1757 captured Bengal
 * Established **presidencies** that ruled in and/or around Indian **princely states** || * Enforced Hindu caste system
 * Banned Christian missions until 1924
 * Reformed the East India Co.
 * English-language education and modernization
 * Outlawed sati || * Brahmans complained about not being able to practice sati
 * Indian society adopted Western learning, culture and technology ||
 * South Africa || * Captured Cape Town during the French Revolution and annexed by 1815
 * Frontier wars against the Zulu and Xhasa
 * Increased immigration into Orange Free State and Transvaal || * Evangelists worked to eradicate slavery, the bulk of labor
 * Second outpost in **Natal** || * Futile Boer rebellions and the Great Trek
 * Zulu Wars
 * War between Orange Free State and British, the former was victorious
 * **Boer War** from 1899-1902 ||
 * New Zealand || * Missionary attempts between 1814 and 1840s || * Took official control in 1840 || * The settlers conflicted with the Maori throughout the 1860s
 * Adoption of Western culture
 * Dependence on Great Britain ||


 * 12) Write a 1/2 - 1 page summary on the connections between Nationalism, Industrialization and Imperialism**

Industrialization leads to internal improvement; e.g. education increases, population rises, manufacturing capabilities skyrocket, economies boom. With this surge of activity and development, people begin to extremely prideful in their accomplishments. Therefore, as a result of industrialization, nationalism increases. Subsequently, as nationalism increases the motives for industrialization increase since a nation wants to get better and remain in the forefront of the world. Thus, the dual process gains more momentum.

Nationalism makes a culture think that they are the superior people of the world and their achievements in industrialization stand as a testament to social Darwinism. They have the means to conquer the world therefore they should. This impulse leads to Imperialism in which a nation is expanding to flaunt its power, spread its culture and gain economic benefits. Imperialism, as result, becomes a fuel for nationalism and industrialization. The more land an empire has, the greater the empire is. Nationalism is spurred and so is industrialization in order to maintain that advantage.

In the end, the three become a triangular system in which an increase or decrease of any of them will affect the other negatively. Nationalism and Industrialization are usually the likely determinisms and starting points of the triangular system, but it is not unheard of to be expansionist then the other two.