Rise+of+the+West




 * 1. ESPIRIT Vacation Work 1450~1700**
 * E || Due to the new world economy and colonial enterprises, new wealth flooded European markets. The availability of wealth caused increased commercialism, and that led to significant social change.

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 * Renaissance merchants improve banking and more openly profit-seeking
 * Monarchs were sponsoring colonial enterprises and trading companies with regional monopolies
 * e.g. Dutch East Indies and British East Indies
 * Commercial revolution
 * Imports of silver and gold causes inflation
 * New wealth raised demands of products to the point supply could not meet demand
 * As a result, merchants took more risks loaning and borrowing
 * Colonial enterprises returned profits, new managing techniques, and banking arrangements
 * Subsistence farming was still the most prevalent, but commodities like wine, cheese, wools, etc. flourished into commercial enterprises
 * Artisan crafts grew in rural and urban areas
 * Hundreds of thousands of people worked in domestic manufacturing
 * Mercantilism and quasi-capitalism

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 * //** Wealth of Nations **// by  **  Adam Smith  **  promoted the idea that people are inherently selfish and the competition between them promotes general economic advance, therefore the government should avoid regulation in favor of certain groups.
 * Consumerism
 * Ordinary folk bought processed products and commodities from colonies
 * Beginning of paid professional entertainment
 * Circuses
 * Agricultural change
 * Swamp draining
 * Nitrogen-fixing crops to reduce need for thee-field system
 * Seed-drills and scythes increased productivity
 * Adoption of the potato ||
 * S || The Commercial Revolution was a determinism for the social changes of the period. The new wealth of the nations had most importantly affected the social standings. Many people had access to property that allowed them great social mobility while those who did not have that ability were thrown into poverty. However, the proletariat were not happy with their conditions, and the negative views towards them, and were a major part of social unrest during the period.

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 * Change of dispositions toward children
 * Mirrored in artwork and changes of practices like swaddling
 * Can be attributed to (or to have caused) the new **European-style family** and its focus on the nuclear family
 * With a late marriage age, there were lower family birth rates and more time for individualized attention
 * Reflected Enlightenment principles of freedom
 * Renaissance kings became more frivolous and patrons of the arts
 * Had palaces sculpted in the classical style and decorated their palaces with arts from various artists and sculptors
 * Prime example was French King **Francis I**
 * Renaissance primarily affected the upper class
 * Growing commercialism created a new **proletariat** – people without access to wealth-producing properties
 * Became manufacturers for merchants or paid laborers on commercial farms
 * Many moved into cities, became wandering poor and beggars that created an enduring negative view on poverty
 * 1600-1650 – Many peasants and townspeople rose for greater insurances against poverty and property loss
 * Did not happen, but the roots of dissent
 * Rebellions were rampant during this time
 * One popular group was the **Levelers** of England
 * Witchcraft persecutions reflected the disposition against poverty and the poor  ||
 * P || The nation state was the central unit of power during this era since the papal authority had diminished. The two forms of governance for the monarchies were either absolute, which was the majority, and parliamentary. The feuds between nation-states superseded any religious or political norm that existed before and these feuds left Western Europe is perpetual violence.

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 * Italian city-states begin varying methods of governance
 * Justified on basis of welfare, not divine kingship or inheritance
 * Established more professional armies with new attention to tactics and training
 * Began regular embassies
 * Monarchs made new alliances for their interests in military conquest
 * Francis I allied with the Ottoman sultan in order to distract the rulers of Austria and Spain
 * Embodies change from feudal and religious restrictions
 * Those restrictions, especially feudal, remained
 * **Absolute monarchy**
 * The kings were the ultimate power
 * Did not have to convene parliament
 * Professionalized the army
 * Strong military was a key political goal
 * Stocked bureaucracy with merchants and lawyers
 * One of the greatest supporters of this system was **Louis XIV**
 * Adopted by various nations and rulers like Spain and the Habsburg rulers
 * 1688-1689 – **Glorious Revolution** establishes **parliamentary monarchy** in England
 * Nation-state
 * Common culture and language, ability to develop national identity
 * Fueled the belief that the government should benefit the people
 * Kept Western Europe divided and at war
 * By the 1750s, little political change was occurring
 * Absolute monarchy was declining in most areas
 * Notable exception: **Frederick the Great** in Prussia who used his position to better his state
 * Promoted the idea of an “enlightened” despot ||
 * I || The intellectual life of Western Europe during the medieval age laid within the hands of the clergy. The Renaissance was the revival of public learning as Italians revived the classical doctrines. Over time, this learning stimulus extended into Northern Europe where it inspired revolutionary ideas. Beginning with Copernicus, thinkers began to apply reason to the world, and to the church's consequences, reason began the principle element behind thought. The scientific revolution eventually expanded from the field of science to politics. During the Enlightenment, thinkers sought to better policies using reason and they formed the basis of many political theories we use today.
 * **Italian Renaissance** (1350-1450)
 * Invoked by its urban, commercial centers and competitive city states
 * Shift to **humanism**, focus of humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic inspiration
 * Revival of classical arts
 * Inspired Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli
 * Writers like **Francesco Petrarch** and **Boccaccio** wrote in about secular topics such as love and pride
 * Shift of artwork from religious iconography to realism
 * 1450~1500
 * Period of revolutionary individuals like inventor **Leonardo Da Vinci** (1450-1519), artist **Michelangelo** (1475-1514) and humanist **Niccolo** **Machiavelli**
 * Declined as the French and Spanish conquered Italy and Atlantic trade routes diminished the importance of Mediterranean trade
 * **Northern Renaissance** (1450-1600) – focused on France, Low Countries, Germany, and England
 * Northern humanists tried fusing secular beliefs with religious beliefs
 * England's **William** **Shakespeare** and France's **François**  **Rabelais** maintained medieval popular culture with classical themes
 * Writers like them and Spain's **Miguel de Cervantes** inspired new literary traditions

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 * **Scientific Revolution** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> – the idea that everything can be reasoned, esp. religious doctrines
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Major players
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Copernicus** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> and the <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**heliocentric theory** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> vs. (Catholic supported) Ptolemy’s geocentric theory
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Johannes Kepler** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> helped prove the heliocentric theory
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Galileo** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> – Round planet vs. flat planet, planetary motion, gravity
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**William Harvey** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> advocated circular motion of blood and the function of heart
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Francis Bacon** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> – Pioneered scientific method
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**René Descartes** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> – Advocated applying scientific method to life
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Isaac Newton** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> and <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">//**Principia Mathematica**// <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">// - // <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> Laws of gravity
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> **Deism** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> – There is a god who resigned from the the world
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Scientific method was promoted in humanist ideas
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Embodied by the **Enlightenment**
 * **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> John Locke **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> promoted that everything could be learned through reason and the idea of the social contract
 * **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> Montesquieu **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> and the checks and balances of government
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The Enlightenment compelled a few thinkers to apply the principles to other areas
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">**Mary Wollstonecraft** was a feminist thinker who supported more fair gender treatment
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Several women journals also rose during this time  ||
 * R || Due to the growing corruption of the clergy, Martin Luther started a reform, the Protestant Reformation, in hopes to rectify these injustices. However, the Catholic church reacted by prosecuting Protestants and initiating their own reform, the Catholic Reformation. With the contemporary belief and stimulus by the older belief, religious activity gained new vigor, but in accordance to the era, piety was more secular. Ultimately, the tensions between the two sects were escalated into religious wars that changed the political and religious landscape of Western Europe.

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 * **Protestantism**
 * Begun by **Martin Luther** and his 95 //theses// in 1517
 * Argued for “true faith” that denounced the need for sacraments and esp. the clergy
 * Argued against celibacy and monasticism
 * Argued that the bible should be available in vernacular languages
 * Supported by Germans who resented the Papal authority and taxes
 * Protestant princes could seize church lands and gain state control of the church
 * Allowed for more secular dispositions and ambitions
 * ** Puritans ** and ** Quakers ** were sects
 * **Anglicanism**
 * English branch of protestantism started by Henry VII
 * Loss of one of the greater supporters of the ** counter-reformation/Catholic reformation **
 * ** Calvinism ** and the doctrine of predestination
 * Promoted participation of all believers in church administration
 * This idea promoted the idea of wider access to government
 * Counter-reformation denounced protestant doctrines
 * Inspired groups like the **Jesuits** who participated in politics, education, and widespread missionary work
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">//**Index Librorum Prohibitorum**// was a list of books banned by the church as heretical
 * There were great religious wars
 * France ended their disputes with the **edict of Nantes** in 1598 that granted rights to protestants
 * Weakened over the centuries
 * **The Thirty Years War** (1618-1648) plagued Germany
 * Reduced population by ~60% in some areas
 * Fought between local princes and allied nations and the HRE and allies
 * **Treaty of Westphalia**
 * Granted territorial tolerance (Germany was still a confederation of states)
 * Netherlands gained independence from Spain
 * **English Civil War**
 * Fought primarily over parliamentary powers and monarchical assertions
 * Ends in 1660
 * 1668-1669 – Limited rights granted to Protestants, no rights to Catholics
 * Effects
 * Shift of the political balance
 * Certain nations benefited from the internal strife
 * Weakened papal authority allowed states greater control of religious affairs
 * Protestant dissent sought to empowered the parliamentary power
 * Less communion (Christian to god or to nature)
 * Greater emphasis on the family
 * Marriage was more necessary for women
 * Men were in charge of religious training of children
 * Promoted greater literacy ||
 * I || Interactions of Western Europe changed significantly with colonialism. The importance of trade with Asia suddenly, due to mercantilism, declined as nation-states focused on their lands.


 * Continued trade with Asia
 * Atlantic trade routes
 * Colonial Enterprises
 * Triangular Trade ||
 * T || During the Renaissance, it was a period of technological and intellectual innovation with inventors like Da Vinci. Once the Renaissance ended, technological innovations were not as prevalent.


 * Trade with Asia greatly increases technological innovation
 * Increases efficiencies of the pulley, pump, and iron metallurgy
 * Invention of the **Gutenberg printing press** in the 1400s
 * Printing press allowed the wide spread of books and printed materials allowing the spread of religious and Renaissance ideas
 * Helped to spread Lutheran ideas
 * Microscopes and advanced telescopes allowed for greater advancements
 * Flying shuttle for weaving
 * Led to Industrial Revolution ||

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