The+West



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 * 1) Outline p. 673-678 and 690-695 **
 * 1) **Bouncing Back?**
 * Postwar issues included inflation due to monetary deflation, property damage, economic dislocation, and overall lowered morale (sense of nationalism)
 * Agricultural and coal mining slumped
 * Export markets taken by the United States or Japan were not returned
 * Intellectual creativity was thriving
 * **Cubism**, popular music and art, quantum physics, et. al.
 * Introduction of mass consumerism
 * Radios and mass advertisement
 * Women empowerment
 * Flapper girls image
 * Enfranchisement
 * Political extremism
 * Communist leftism and veteran right-wing
 * 1) **Other Industrial Centers**
 * 2) White dominions such as Canda, Australia, and New Zealand
 * Gained their independence in the 1920s for thier military participation
 * The British Commonwealth of Nations was a free of assn. of members and British representation in the Dominions became purely symbolic
 * Registered solid export growth and population growth via immigration
 * 1) The United States
 * Prospered during the Roaring Twenties
 * Economy boom through vertical and horizontal integration was widespread, **Fordism** and **Taylorism,** and other methodical processes to increase productivity
 * Artistic, cultural, and intellectual developments
 * Harlem Renaissance
 * Hollywood
 * Rejected the Treaty of Versailles since they were under an isolationist grip-hold with prominent leaders such as the Republican **reservationist Henry Cabot Lodge**
 * Caught up in the Red Scare (Communist) hysteria
 * 1) Japan
 * Industrialized greatly under the zaibatsu
 * Military leaders and civilian government conflicted; despite universal male suffrage, the political structure was still ambiguous and military leaders were independent of the civilian government, similar in sense to the American CIA
 * 1) **New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism**
 * In 1919, **Benito Mussolini** formed the Fascist Party that promoted an aggressive, nationalistic foreign policy, one-party rule, and socialist economic principles
 * Fascism mirrored an small intellectual movement that promoted authoritarianism over representation and nationalism over capitalism
 * Mussolini was able to rise to power since the parliament was inept, restiveness came from WWI veterans and discontent workers, and the king was desperate to deter the leftist pressure
 * 1) **The New Nations of East Central Europe**
 * Eastern European countries postindependence were consumed by nationalist fervor and discontent over their small domains
 * Athoritarianism arrived via dictators or monarchy since most of these states remained primarily agricultural (and thus susceptible to a major depression when Western agricultural prices dropped) and refused to implement land reform (convincing peasants to support authoritative regimes)
 * 1) **Causation**
 * Global chronic overproduction of food and deflated food prices (major hit to agricultural based economies) caused mass rural to urban migration and indebted many farmers
 * Affected Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa and the West
 * Caused a decrease in demands for Western products when American-Japanese competition increased supply
 * Uncontrolled loaning from United States to pay off postwar debts and overspeculation
 * Poor leadership that resulted with inadequate economic policies of loan calling and protectionism
 * 1) **The Debacle**
 * Everything collapsed when stock prices plummeted and US banks recalled their European loans
 * Lack of capital led to lower demand which led to unemployment and lower wages ~ repeated
 * Devastated the fragile economies of many developing areas
 * Cultural impacts resulted with disillusionment with the "self-made" men mystique, gender role reversal, escapism
 * Political impacts resulted with discontent with parliamentary government and political polarization
 * 1) **Responses to the Depression in Western Europe**
 * Protectionism
 * Political polarization
 * Widespread class conflict and left-right conflict
 * Devastation of the parliamentary governments or rise of authoritarianism
 * Highlighted by the **Popular Front** and its standstill with conservatives
 * Beginnings of a welfare state
 * 1) **The New Deal**
 * Establishment of a nigh-welfare state that revitalized confidence within the American government and deterred political paralysis as it occurred in Britain and France
 * 1) **The Rise of Nazism**
 * The Depression led to fascism within Germany as opposed to the democratization of its neighbors
 * Similar sentiment origins to Italy in that veterans attacked the parliamentary government and capitalism for its inabilities
 * Gained appeal amongst the elites by attacking unions and socialist groups
 * As the leader of the **National Socialist "Nazi" Party**, Hitler gained mass appeal by reiterating fascist arguments and other promises
 * Traditionalism gained him the support of artisans who desired a preindustrial economy
 * Anti-socialism and -communism gained him the support of big business
 * Attack consumerism, feminism, and Zionism
 * Hitler legally rose to power in 1933
 * Totalitarian state
 * One party-rule
 * Established a secrete police, the **Gestapo**
 * Unions were dissolved and replaced with government welfare bodies
 * Economic planning focused on armament production
 * Deeply anti-Semitic
 * Despite his encroachment on other sovereignties and violating the Treaty of Versailles, he received **appeasements** from European powers and the US
 * 1) **The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War**
 * Fascism spread throughout Eastern Europe and authoritarian powers
 * Austria combined with Germany in 1938 as a result
 * Italy's policies were galvanized by Germany's policies
 * Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 and conquered it
 * The Spanish Civil War was waged between the fascist **Falange** party led by **Francisco Franco** against a republican party minimally supported by democratic European and US forces
 * Franco prevailed and the Mexican government became an authoritarian state that favored landlords, the church, and the army
 * 1) **Economic and Political Change in Latin America**
 * Liberalism failed to amend social problems, and disillusionment combined with the rise of an enfranchised middle class
 * Disenchanted intellectuals attacked liberalism and democracy as a "race to nowhere"
 * A university reform in Córdoba led to more autonomous and empowered student bodies throughout Latin America
 * As a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Marxist parties gained power.


 * 2) Outline p. 709-721**
 * 1) **Old and New Causes of a Second World War**
 * Gradual militarization occurred the victories of moderate political parties
 * The **Guomindang (Nationalist) Party** led by **Chiang Kai-shek** prevailed against regional warlords with mass appeal
 * Fearful of a unified China and loss of their Manchurian gains, the Japanese military seized Manchuria in 1931 and declared it the independent state of **Manchukuo**
 * The civilian government did not try to limit or object the military's actions
 * Fall of the Weimar regime and the rise of Nazism
 * Hitler wanted to reduce the Russians and Slavs into slaves
 * 1) Rearmament in 1935
 * 2) Militarization of the Rhineland (borders Belgium and France) in 1936
 * 3) Forced union with Austria and encroachment Czechoslovakia in 1938
 * Galvanized Mussolini policies
 * Appeasement and Western hesitance
 * Spanish Civil War and the concept of total war
 * 1) **Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific**
 * Western powers hoped to **appease** the fascists states by allowing them small state gains and blocking radical leaders like **Winston Churchill**
 * The Japanese offensive occurred first with the **Second Sino-Japanese War**
 * The Japanese military, uninhibited by the civilian government, tried to conquer China proper and declared war against the Guomindang
 * **Nanjing Massacre** in 1937
 * Signed the **Tripartite Pact** with Germany and Italy in 1940
 * German-Soviet **Nonaggression Pact** in 1939 divided up Poland -- the Soviets occupied the east and the **Wehrmacht** occupied the west
 * Polish invasion convinced Westerners about the ineffectiveness of appeasement -- declaration of war by Britain and France
 * 1) **Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat**
 * Total war and the power of the Blitzkrieg forced Allies into retreat
 * France was inept in response and captured by 1940 -- Puppet regime was centered in **Vichy**
 * The Wehrmacht out-powered aerially, navally, and on land the Allies
 * The **Battle of Britain** reversed the pessimism of the British -- Churchill's leadership and the radar helped repel the Nazi aerial forces and end any attempts of an invasion of the Isles
 * By mid-1941, Germany controlled most of the Mediterranean world due to its military prowess and generals such as **Erwin Rommel**
 * Due to German harshness, guerrillas were inspired within conquered Slavic territories such as the Ukraine
 * **Stalingrad** throughout the winters of '42 and '43 helped reverse the **Eastern Front**
 * 1) **From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler's War Against the Jews**
 * War reversals led to increased prejudice
 * The **Wannsee Conference** of 1942 decided on genocide -- concentration camps were now facilities to detain and massacre
 * The **Holocaust** killed upward 12 million people -- 6 million Jews
 * Intensified Zionism
 * 1) **Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich**
 * Cash-and-carry supplying between G.B. and U.S.
 * Americans joined to counter German u-boats (greatly aided by the radar), help with the African Front (defeating Rommel in '42 and '43), and defeating the Mussolini regime
 * **D-Day** and the delayed liberation of France began the process of the retreat from the West
 * The **Battle of the Bulge** was Germany's last ditch effort
 * 1) **The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War**
 * **Pearl Harbor** bombings pulled Americans into the war in 1941
 * A third of the Japanese army remained focused in the Chinese offensive while the rest spread themselves throughout the SE Asia and the Pacific
 * Japan gained many areas such as Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina
 * Japanese calculations backfired
 * Colonial policies were much more oppressive and inspired resistance, thus wasting resources
 * American submarines prevented a steady supply line
 * Reversals occurred at the stalemate at the **Battle of the Coral Sea** and the **Battle of Midway**
 * Beginning of amphibious assaults against Japan
 * Blockaded the archipelago and heavily bombed it
 * Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb droppings in 1945
 * 1) **War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff**
 * Establishment of the **United Nations** with US, G.B., France, USSR, and China as permanent members of the Security Council
 * Provides many international agencies and initiatives to provide, restore, and ensure peace; to influence policies regarding various issues; and provide relief for stricken countries
 * 1) **From Hot War to Cold War**
 * Cold War (1945-1949) was the result of unresolved peace conferences
 * Prewar agreements like the Atlantic Treaty and expanding the Western spheres of influence conflicted with the Soviets desire for more territory
 * At **Tehran**, Churchill gave Stalin several un-Wilsonian concessions
 * At **Yalta**, FDR proposed and established the UN, partitioned Germany, Stalin promised free elections in Poland and other small nations but never fulfilled them
 * Postwar, the USSR and US signed many treaties that polarized the world
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact
 * The Iron Curtain
 * North and South Korea
 * West and East Germany
 * Colonies were restored but dismantled due to nationalism and interference by the superpowers
 * Khmer Rouge, Viet Cong, etc.
 * Nationalism throughout Africa and the Middle East

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 * 3) Questions on p. 732-750**
 * 1) **Major effects of decolonization in Europe?**
 * A general decline of European influence in worldy affairs even though they arbitrated in many instances
 * 1) **How did the Cold War divide Europe and what were the implications?**
 * Establishment of the **eastern bloc/iron curtain** consisting of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary
 * Communist East Germany separated by the **Berlin Wall**
 * Lack of peaceful diplomacy between Truman and Stalin
 * **Marshall Plan** in 1947 to counter Soviet reconstruction loans (each other viewed the other as economic domination)
 * **Berlin Airlift Crisis of 1947**
 * **NATO** and the **Warsaw Pact**
 * United States influence could be seen within internal affairs such as the rearmament of Britain, France, and Germany
 * Economic and military leverage
 * European powers resented the American domination
 * 1958- France withdraws from NATO and orders U.S. troops to leave their soil
 * 1970s - Open German-Soviet negotiations
 * Steady armament by Americans and Soviets
 * 1) **Why did Europeans shift towards liberal democracies?**
 * War discredited fascism and leftist parties agreed on democratic processes and the need for welfare and government initiative
 * 1) **What were welfare states, why, and issues?**
 * A welfare state is a governance of body that provides services to its people to relieve social and economic hardships
 * Britain's ruling Labour party and the dominating Communist-Socialist-Christian Democrat Coalitions in France and Italy
 * **The American New Deal, New Fronteir, and Great Society**
 * Nationalized health care and social insurances
 * Caused by consolidation of democracy
 * Rise of **technocracy**
 * High costs especially when junctioned with the expanding military budget
 * Student and civil protests
 * Civil rights, antiwar, feminism, **Green Movement**
 * Opponents such as **Margaret Thatcher** and **Ronald Reagan** whom severly limited the welfare states in Britain and US respectively
 * 1) **Trace European diplomacy**
 * 1947 - NATO and the Marshall Plan
 * France and Germany redefined their relationship with an economic based relationship
 * Involved the Low Countries and Italy (primarily West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands)
 * 1958 - Evolved into the **European Economic Community**, the now **European Union (EU)**
 * 2001 - Introduction of the euro
 * 2005 - Consists of many European powers, notably Great Britain
 * 1) **Outline economic development**
 * 1947 - Marshall Plan
 * 1) Agricultural boom facilitated by technocrat
 * 2) Growth of GNP surpassed U.S. growth of GN
 * 3) Remained a center of weapons productio
 * 4) "Leisure culture" employment increased while industrial work numbers decreased (but production increased)
 * 5) Increased immigration of minorities due to labor shortages
 * "Guest workers" faced instability and prejudice
 * 1958 - The Common Market/EEC/EU
 * "Affluent society" driven by mass consumeris and leisure culture
 * 1990s - Recession
 * 1) **Outline development of non-European West (no US)**
 * 2) Canada
 * Took welfare intiatives that surpassed the US
 * 1970s Canadian-American economic integration
 * Limited by 1980
 * Overturned by a 1988 free-trade agreemen
 * Separtist movement in Quebec failed (beginning in 1967)
 * Dissipated by the 1982 constitution giving provinces more voice
 * 1) Australia and New Zealand
 * Mutual defense pact with US in 1951
 * Supported US in Korean and Vietnam Wars
 * Distanced themselves during the 1970s and '80s
 * NZ barred US nuclear-armed vessels in '85
 * Australia experienced massive Asian emigration
 * Increasing exports to Pacific nations, esp. Japan}
 * 1) **Explain growing role of US in world affairs**
 * With the failures of Great Britain (and NATO) to police West Europe and the establishment of the Iron Curtain and the satellites, the **Truman Doctrine** reaffirmed American commitment to self-determination. This meant military and economic support of "free" states such as Korea and the Guomindang failing to repel Mao Zhe Dong.
 * 1947 - Truman Doctrine, **containment** policy
 * Vietnam War, Korean War, Iran-Contra Scandal, Pakistan, etc.
 * 1948 - Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia silences Republican objections
 * **McCarthyism**
 * Establishment of the Department of Defense, CIA, Strategic Air Command
 * Berlin Airlift Crisis
 * **Domino Theory**
 * Cuban Missile Crisis
 * 1) **Developments of feminism and new feminism**
 * WWII labor deficits created new working patterns as women were exposed to factory worker and clerical jobs
 * Working women numbers, esp. married, rose throughout the West
 * Teenage employment decreased as more girls stayed in school, but long-term work commitments increased
 * Remained in primarily pink-collar occupations
 * Universal enfranchisement by 1971
 * Pro-choice
 * Abortion, divorce (maintained an increasing rate), and birth control (Recreational v. procreational) became easier
 * Baby boom and the decline of birth rates
 * Collective care (day cares provided by the welfare state) replacing maternal care
 * Publication of the //The Second Sex// (1949) and development of **new feminism**
 * Reiterated by works like //The Feminine Mystique//, new feminism attempted for more literal equality
 * 1) **Outline cultural developments**
 * The intellectual and artistic centers shifted from European to American institutions
 * European scientists remained active, but many flocked to America
 * Francis Crick (British) and James Watson (American) are accredited the discovery of DNA structures, thus beginning a major field of biology and study throughout this time period
 * The Human Genome Project was a collaborative effort
 * Shift from traditional art forms to popular art -- unconventional self-expression and nonrepresentational techniques
 * Famous example: Campbell Soup Can designs painted by **Andy Warhol**
 * European filmmakers continued to produce films of high artistic merit and disillusionment towards secular consumerism
 * **Pragmatism** since theorists like Marx were no longer prominent
 * American globalization
 * Coca-Cola
 * Television series and soap operas
 * **The British Invasion**
 * **Counter-culture**
 * Decline of /increase of opposition to (parental) authority
 * Increase of premarital sex (increased sexuality)